Theories of Leadership and the Effective organisations Change

Introduction Organisationsal change is a contribution to the organisation leadership. Prudent leadership, therefore, becomes a key to any organisation that aspires to change its way of operation or service delivering to the targeted stakeholders (CanÃŒÆ'as, 2001). Change may be witnessed in the terms of goods and services, as well as organisation’s operations in both management and business, among other areas (Yeo, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Leadership and the Effective organisations Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idea behind a business change means a possible risk of value in an organisation. With all these factors being constant, organisations change requires sound decision making from the organisations leadership. It is noted that leaders consider different quality hence subjecting their organisations to different changes (Covey, 2004). The changes witnessed depend o n the leader’s qualities and exposure, among others, like the environment issues. There are various theories of leadership which elaborate how leadership in an organisations affects its possible changes, for example, â€Å"Great Man† Theory, Trait Theory, Situational Theory, Behavioral Theory, Contingency Theory, Participative Theory, Management Theory and Relationship Theory (Tomey, 2009). Each leader may have the qualities of one or more theories, hence contributing differently to the organisation. Leaders mentor, control and manage others in the organisation and organisations development, or any kind of change depends on the top leadership. A leader that posses many quality factors has an impact all through the business environment hence initiating the most desired changes in the organisation (Novick, 2008). â€Å"Great Man† Theory According to this theory, leaders are born, and leadership skills are inherited from the parents. According to this theory, leade rs are not made, and one must come from a background of leaders hence making this quality to be of particular use in the society (Sennett, 2006). Leaders, as proclaimed by this theory, foster change and stability in there area of operation with courage and stability. If this theory is used, it then means that the current organisation can not be managed or led by somebody who relies on the education but it is managed by the sons and daughters of former managers or leaders (Novick, 2008). This is a discriminating idea of leadership.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This theory kills innovativeness in the organisations hence leaving all the organisations duties, mainly in decision making, dependent on one leader. As far as effective organisations change is concerned, â€Å"Great Man† theory do not add value, thus all the decisions in an organisations should be resolved by a group of leaders but not by one single great leader because organisations has different department which requires different exposures for one to manage a change (Northouse, 2009). The use of this theory could not be able to effectively manage a worthy change in an organisation, and everything should be embraced to make change in the area of the operation. This theory discourages effective organisations change mainly because it creates an fair authority of one particular person within an organisation hence limiting the decision making process whereby all decisions must come from a single leader, and a particular organisations must be led by a particular leader from a particular background (Northouse, 2007). Holding all the factors constant, this limits diversification whereby different style of leadership is required. Diversification helps to manage different interests in different organisations environment. It is currently encouraged that for an organisation to effectively mange a change, the leaders of different unit must be willing and able to work as a team and not a particular single leader. This theory is been practiced in political field in countries that do not embrace democracy. This kind of leadership does not embrace change of the notion, both socially and economically, hence been rated as a poor leadership practice (Krajewski, 2010). Trait Theory It is similar to the great man theory but it mostly relies on qualities shared by the leaders. Having a similar quality as compared to another leader fails to define the leadership quality due to the changing environment in an organisations (Northouse, 2010). All the same, leaders, according to this theory, do have similar traits. They do not have the same qualities, but they have one objective goal, change.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Leadership and the Effective organisations Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ability to change the quality of the organisations goods and services and the organisations culture within the organisations defines a good leader (Larson, 2011). A good leader has a dream and a vision which he or she wishes to achieve within a particular time frame (Larson, 2011). This is different from the theory’s primary objective whereby it identifies leaders of the same traits but of different goals and vision in a particular area in an organisations. To make a constructive change in an organisations, it turns to be a process but not an event as it can be provided by the theory whereby it identifies leaders with similarities in character and behavior. A leader who provides a change in an organisations must be willing to push to the accomplishment of his or her goals and vision in that particular area (Morgan, 2006). If trait theory is a subject to go up with, it means that the individual quality, vision and willingness to change things will not help the organisation s to identify the desired leaders but only their similarities in some traits. Similarities in traits can not make a good leader, and hence organisations should embrace a vision leadership for them to uncover change. Situational Theory Organisationsal change goes hand in hand with leadership prudence. It is with this notion that situational theory provides a platform where every situation depends on different leader’s action or decision (Northouse, 2010). This theory accommodates different decisions in different organisationsal environments hence facilitating organisationsal change. Every organisations unit, as far as situation theory is concerned, should have its leader who has the right to consult with other stakeholders within the same unit and come up with a good solution (Northouse, 2010). Therefore, leaders are advised to consult with the others, and decision making becomes a consultative move but not an individual one (Northouse, 2010). This improves the decision sensit ivity, hence making sure that the decision made is relevant to the organisations environment. Effective leadership involves the ability to accommodate others in the organisations as well as gives others a chance freely to express their views concerning a particular subject (Nohria, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This can improve the decision making process as well as making all stakeholders feel a part of the organisations.On the other hand, this theory embraces organisations culture where everyone plays his/her role without fear hence doing his/her the best (Northouse, 2010). This is a positive move towards the organisations change, both internally and externally. The theory provides a platform where all are given a chance to contribute to the organisationsal growth or change in a particular area of concern. A leader in this theory must be willing and able to accommodate others, and the decision should be done in a consultative way (Morgan, 2006). This provides an all inclusive environment where the organisations works as a unit, hence making it easier to make a change or to improve on a particular area of concern. Financial organisations can provide a good example where situational theory is practiced. It is worth noting that this sector is controlled by the central banks by fixing rates both to control inflation and deflation (Marquis, 2009). Leaders in this sector are expected to adopt what is necessary depending on the environmental change (Marquis, 2009). Situation leadership style helps the banks continue making profit irrespective of the economic environment facing the industry. If failed to follow the current environmental factors, the financial institution will be subjected to loses. Behavioral Theory Leaders are made, and they are not born. This is a key statement of this theory, which accommodates everyone, irrespective of the mental capacity or individual background (Lencioni, 2002.p.53). It is noted that leadership is a process which might start to develop in any organisation stakeholder, irrespective of the individual position in the organisation. To impact a change in the organisations, all the stakeholders must be willing and able to work to ward the subject area (Nohria, 2010). This can only be achieved if all are given a chance to do their best to a chieve the subject goal (Nohria, 2010). This gives everybody an opportunity to control and participate in decision masking process making the desired goal relevant, and more attention is given to the action of an individual stakeholder as opposed to individual academic and mental capacity. The ability to be flexible both in decision making and implementation makes an impact on different leaders, so everybody has a chance for a personal growth (Larson, 2011). This helps the organisations manage the current issues mainly because all the stakeholders are given a motivation to make decision and implement it within the organisations. On the other hand, the organisations units stand to grow uniformly hence posing an organisations change. It is noted that for an organisations to grow and make either social or economic change, all the stakeholders must be involved in the decision making process and implementation of the change, and individual contribution should be given a chance to promote a good organisations culture whereby growth is possible (Krajewski, 2010.p. 34). The theory provides a platform where effective leadership is exercised, hence providing the ways by which organisations change concept is possible. Contingency Theory Contingency theory embraces different leadership style depending on the environment. This is a prudent theory which allows change when it is appropriate (Kouzes, 2007). It is advisable for the organisations leadership to embrace different style to manage the environmental challenges facing the organisations. In some cases, the leader is expected to make urgent decisions without consulting the others, and in some cases, he/she may give all the stakeholders to participate in decision making process (Hill Jones, 2009). The ability to know when to involve others in the decision making process or define everything on his/her own is the leader’s ability to lead. Embracing this theory, it is possible for the organisations to manage the c hange and effectively deliver the desired quality. By observing contingency theory, the organisations posses an opportunity to grow mainly because of the leadership and decision making flexibility within its organs. Dependent on the environment, flexibility in decision making process helps the organisations take advantage of the environment, hence competing well (Hands, 2011). To limit decision making flexibility, the organisations cannot achieve the desired change, and in some cases, it will not be able to meet the market expectations (Hands, 2011). This will give other market players an upper hand, hence limiting the organisations profitability. Dependent on the environment, flexibility in decision making process helps the organisations take advantage of the environment, hence competing well (Hands, 2011). To limit decision making flexibility, the organisations cannot achieve the desired change, and in some cases, it will not be able to meet the market expectations (Hands, 2011). This will give other market players an upper hand, hence limiting the organisations profitability. Participative Theory Participative theory accounts and appreciates others’ contribution. This theory gives chance to all to involve in the decision making process as well as provides an opportunity to model their area of operation (Northouse, 2010). This kind of leadership creates an effective organisationsal change in an organisation, whereby all the stakeholders express their views on various issues affecting the organisations (Goleman, 2002). This helps the organisations leaders with wide range of information regarding various subjects make informative decision. Leaders who practice participation theory of leadership build a good relationship with all the stakeholders in the organization, whereby they find a chance to associate with the organisations growth and development (Rampur, n.d). In case the leader fails to practice this kind of leadership, other stakeholders will fin d it difficult to associate with the organisation’s development, hence making it unrealistic to maintain. Marketing development department, for example, must be willing and able to adopt this strategy mainly because it enhances creativity and innovativeness (Jones, Jones George 2011). Holding the fact that the current business environment is changing, it is important for the organisations’ leaders to account for all the suggestions made by professionals within the departments (Rampur, n.d). This will help the organisations competitiveness be realistic and up to date. Failing to accommodate these, the organisations can not withstand various environmental changes (Finkelstein, 2009). Management Theory This kind of leadership is implemented in a competitive business environment where rewards and motivation are expected by the supporting staffs (Covey, 2004. P. 13). A leader in this scope ensures that results are delivered by the staffs with an intention to meet a specifi c goal. Although this kind of leadership can be said to be dictatorial, it is necessary when the leading figure is a result of the oriented person. This kind of leadership ensures that his or her organisation meets the expected targets, maintaining a change in the organisations (Few, 2006). Most of the businesses that are managed by this kind of leadership are aimed at surviving all the environmental, and it is the responsibility of the leader to facilitate this transition. For example, in the financial industry, leaders ensure that their organisations retain a good reputation in terms of both the effectiveness of the services as well as organisations profit motive agenda (Daft, 2011.p. 41). It is the role of the leader to oversee this, so he or she must be willing to motivate the employees if their performance is poor. This ensures that all perform duties well, hence achieving effective organisationsal change (Daft, 2011.p. 41). Relationship Theory It is also known as a transformat ional theory where reflects the relationship between the leaders and the followers in an organisations is only reflected. This theory, if practiced in an organisation, helps to improve the relationship between the leaders and the followers (Daft, 2011.p. 41). If the relationship between the two sides is profound, it then means that the organisations will have a good working relation, hence effectively transforming areas of challenges as a team (Covey, 2004). Teamwork is more embraced by this theory than by any other approach, and all the organisations members work as a team hence delivering more (Covey, 2004. P. 76). A good example to demonstrate this contribution is a marketing department. All the stakeholders in this department must be willing and able to work as a team for the good of their result. One can perform the duty of this department alone. Creativity and innovativeness of the members are necessary for this department to get results (Covey, 2004. P. 12).. Conclusion Prude nt leadership is the key of the organisationsal performance. A leader should be able to relate well with other stakeholders, be able to make decisions as well as manage and direct the others while meeting the organisations duties. With all these leadership qualities, the leader has the capacity, therefore, to impact an organisationsal change in his or her organisations, irrespective of the environmental condition prevailing (Cini, 1999, p 23). References CanÃŒÆ'as, KA, Sondak, H 2011, Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity: theory, cases, and exercises, 2nd ed, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. Cini, M 1996, The European Commission: leadership, organisation, and culture in the EU administration, Manchester University Press, Manchester. Covey, SR 2004, The 7 habits of highly effective people: restoring the character ethic, Rev. edn, Free Press, New York. Daft, RL Lane, P G 2011, Leadership, 5th ed., International ed, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio. F ew, S 2006, Information dashboard design: the effective visual communication of data, O’Reilly, Beijing. Finkelstein, S, Hambrick, DC, Cannella, AA 2009, Strategic leadership: theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards, Oxford University Press, New York. Goleman, D, Boyatzis, RE, McKee, A 2002, Primal leadership: realizing the power of emotional intelligence, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Mass. Hands, J 2011, @ is for activism: dissent, resistance and rebellion in a digital culture, Pluto, London. Hill, CW, Jones, GR 2009. Strategic management theory: an integrated approach, 9th ed, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio. Jones, G., Jones, G. R., George, J. M. 2011. Essentials of contemporary management, 4th ed, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston. Kouzes, JM, Posner, BZ 2002, The leadership challenge, 3rd ed, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Krajewski, LJ, Ritzman, LP, Malhotra, MK 2010, Operations management: processes and supply chains, 9th ed , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. Larson, EW, Gray, CF 2011, Project management: the managerial process, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York. Lencioni, P 2002, The five dysfunctions of a team: a leadership fable. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Marquis, BL, Huston, CJ 2009, Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: theory and application, 6th ed, Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Morgan, G 2006, Images of organisations, Updated ed, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Nohria, N, Khurana, R 2010, Handbook of leadership theory and practice: an HBS centennial colloquium on advancing leadership. Harvard Business Press, Boston, Mass. Northouse, PG 2009, Introduction to leadership: concepts and practice, Sage Publications, Los Angeles. Northouse, PG 2007, Leadership: theory and practice, 4th ed, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Northouse, P G 2010, Leadership: theory and practice, 5th ed, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Novick, LF, Morrow , CB, Mays, GP 2008, Public health administration: principles for population-based management, 2nd ed, Jones and Bartlett Pub, Sudbury, Mass. Sennett, R 2006, The culture of the new capitalism, Yale University Press, New Haven. Tomey, A 2009, Guide to nursing management and leadership, 8th ed, Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, Mo. Yeo, RR 2001, Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture, University Cambridge Press, Cambridge. This essay on Theories of Leadership and the Effective organisations Change was written and submitted by user Vance Marshall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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In India target segmentation is done on various factors but researchers are also considering or rather already have segmented their target consumers into 3 types i.e. Entertainment users, Communications users and Information users. Now it has been observed that in these segments people pay more or extra for great solutions if their needs are matched in a particular segment. Many failures in mobile market are due to either focussing at a single specific problem or feature or by disrupting the whole package by adding all of it. Now the numbers of Smartphone are to be doubled by FY11 and this boom is there for upcoming years .Emergence of Smartphones was more in the form of service device rather than just another application based model which was the earlier trend shown by the OEMs. RIM blackberry services saw some mass adoption whereas OVI apps tried to create the same magic but performed average. Despite the variety Symbian has still the monopoly with 72%share in Indian market followed by windows, android and blackberry OS but in upcoming future trend Symbian may lose its market share to its competitors. POSITIONING OF BLACKBERRY SMARTPHONES IN INDIAN MARKET: In this dog-eat-dog world, positioning a brand is the biggest priority for a product or brand. Creating awareness and then fetching that special place for your brand in the consumers mind will be the key in determining the fate of the brand and if brand is becoming a l success or fading away to obscurity and especially in India, Blackberry has done some extensive research as it is one of the fastest growing telecom markets and within high competition has managed to take up a prestigious position settling just after Nokia in market share. 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Value Proposition: Features that makes BlackBerry stand apart from rest of the players and clearly stating that quality is inevitable supported by Innovative design and iconic styling that blends optimum display and weight length ratio without compromising ease of use that users expect from their BlackBerry Unrivalled Connectivity with BB messenger application GSM/EDGE/ CDMA warranties and after sales service Built in GPS Engine Rich Internet and Multimedia Experience Full Page Internet Browsing Including support for streaming audio and video. 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Absolutely brilliant advertising with the pinch of great music and excellent humour banging right on the message brand wants to spread to the target consumers. Now the song We are the blackberry boys has been trending into minds of youngsters and BlackBerry lovers. It has left same effect on mass as Vodafone Zoo Zoos had done it during IPL. Blackberry first with the Pearl and Bold and now with the Storm and Torch is attempting a change in positioning and moving more towards the Lifestyle segment space. This can prove counterproductive for the company because it directly placing itself to its other bigger competitors and directly taking a head on collision in competition with Nokia, LG, Samsung and Apple I phone. In fact the handheld Smartphone models are being actively compared to models of other competitor for example Samsung galaxy, Apple iPhone and Nokia E series. But the real fight is between Apple and BlackBerry for capturing the lifestyle segment and taking the position of that perception in prospect customers. Now inspired by the advantage of continuous connectivity even if the operators are non functional has allowed along with the host many other manufacturing brands to enter with different applications in order to attract market audience and the argument is on offering of similar features (connectivity) along with a host of other value adding features by the other.. Now these were all physical features of Blackberry and the physical presence always lead to the cognitive, physical cues which in turn act as hints for the mind to form interpretations or in other words positions itself as a highly technical ,functional and great to use device. So far I personally believe Blackberry could strategy of positioning is slick and feature laden but in order to expand market the company tried to play with the emotional proposition saying: Do what you love and love what you do Now this tagline covers all the market sector a handheld manufacturing company wants to because everyone loves to do something and even if they BlackBerry its always a non-boring, happy and lovable moments during work hours. It emphasizes on the idea no matter how hard you do something as long as you love to do it and you have a Blackberry with you ,you will do it right. In one of the advertisements an Asian guy is on his bicycle roaming around seems like a courier guy and uses BlackBerry Torch but he is not a normal courier guy ,he is the current president of SanFrancisco Bike messenger association who is very busy in his work and BlackBerry helps him to be in contact with his family and friends ,manage his work, Blackberry GPS helps him on unknown roads and ways and in the end he loves what he does. Now this leaves a very big message in mind of prospect even if you are a leader an entrepreneur in your small world, business or community you need a blackberry support because even BlackBerry loves what you do.

Phosphorous Nutrient Deficiency :: essays research papers fc

Phosphorous Nutrient Deficiency of Sunflowers, Helianthus annuus Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to determine whether or not a complete nutrient solution would have increased stem width, height, and leaf length compared to 25% phosphorous. My hypothesis was that sunflowers with a complete solution of nutrients would have the same growth compared to sunflowers with 25% phosphorous deficiency. The experiment was conducted by setting up two groups of sunflower seeds, control and treatment. Each group contained five seeds. The nutrients were added when the seeds had germinated. The controls were treated with a complete nutrient solution, whereas the treatment was treated with 25% phosphorous deficiency. Both groups were watered regularly with the nutrient solutions until harvest time. The measurements of both groups were taken periodically. During harvest time, the healthiest plant in each pot was measured for stem width (mm), height (cm), and leaf length (mm). The results indicated that there was no significant change in the controls a nd treatments because the p-values of all three types of measurements were greater than 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted. Despite the insignificant results, observations and measurements of growth in both groups of sunflowers in terms of stem widths, lengths, and leaf lengths suggested that the presence or absence of phosphorous did influence the plant growths. Introduction: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of nutrient deficiency in sunflower, H. annuus. My null hypothesis was that sunflower plants that were treated with a complete nutrient solution would be the same as plants that were 25% deficient in phosphorous. My alternate hypothesis was that sunflower plants with a complete nutrient treatment would have increased growth compared to plants with phosphorous deficiency with respect to stem height, width, and leaf length. Phosphorous is an essential nutrient for root formation, flowering, fruiting and ripening (Gayle et al. 2001). Ten elements that are required for normal growth in plants are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron. The absence of any one of these elements causes plants to display characteristic abnormalities of growth known as deficiency symptoms. Often such plants do not reproduce normally (Raven et al. 1999). One reason why phosphorou s is essential in plants is because it is responsible for the general health and vigor of all plants. Some specific growth factors that have been associated with phosphorus are: stimulated root development, increased stalk and stem strength, improved flower formation and seed production, more uniform and earlier crop maturity, increased nitrogen N-fixing capacity of legumes, improvements in crop quality, and increased resistance to plant diseases (Webb 2002).

That the environmental quality improves the further away from the CBD you go

That the environmental quality improves the further away from the CBD you go. Figure 6 shows how many penalty points each area scored for environmental quality. The Bewdley Road area had a good environmental quality; there was little noise, traffic or vandalism and easy access to the shops and schools. However because it is a terraced area there is very little open space or grassy area. Also across the road from the terraces there are several industrial premises as shown in Figure .All the residential squares scored between 6-15 points, which is good. Barnetts lane has an excellent environmental quality. The roads are lined with trees and grassed areas, the area is clean of undue noise or traffic and there is no sign of vandalism. There was a school in my study area, which showed the close proximity between the residential areas and the school. As you can see from the photos in Figures 30-33 the houses are part of the nice environment. Only one square gets any penalty points. Spennels as you would expect from an upmarket modern estate has an excellent environmental quality and gets absolutely no penalty points. The landscape is clean and well kept and there are plenty of grasses areas for recreational use or otherwise. The estate is self-contained with shops and a school shown in figures 16 and 17. In the corner of my study area there was a nature reserve that demonstrates the high quality environment in that area. Birchen coppice is not up to the standards of Spennels. The open spaces and grassed areas aren't as well kept and there are signs of litter and vandalism. There are shops and a school within the estate but nevertheless most of the area still scores 10 points from a possible 65, which isn't good for a residential area. This could be explained by the fact that it is an older council estate that isn't as well looked after and is also showing signs of ageing. This does support my hypothesis as the environmental quality does improve further away from the CBD, especially between Bewdley road and Spennels. I believe there is a link between environmental quality and age. More modern areas have been built to provide better environmental conditions so that people want to live there because otherwise nobody would want to live in a town now that there is good transport available to the masses. Older areas were built purely to house as many people as possible to work in their factories in the knowledge that people had to live there or they couldn't get to work. Hypothesis 2 That size and physical condition improve the further away from the CBD. The Bewdley road area was closest to the CBD and it also had the smallest buildings. It is all small terraced housing from the Victorian period. Many of the houses have been done up as development projects so they have a good physical condition. However due to the age of the buildings they aren't perfect and score between 5-8 points in the residential areas. The Barnetts lane area has larger semi-detached and detached houses in excellent physical condition. From the photos it is clear that the people who live here are prepared to spend a lot of money to maintain the physical condition of their properties. Spennels also has many large semi-detached and detached houses in excellent physical condition. The physical condition of the houses is very good as all the houses are modern and built to a high standard. The photos in Figures 14 and 15 show the range of houses on the estate and their high quality. Again no points are scored. However Birchen coppice wasn't in as good physical condition as Barnetts lane or Spennels. Again this can be explained by the fact that it is a council estate that was built a couple of decades ago and is quite old. It has an average score of 5 points for physical condition which isn't that bad. These results show the link between distance from the CBD and size effectively and support my hypothesis. There is also a general trend in the improvement of physical condition but it isn't as clearly defined as my other conclusions. There is also an obvious link between age and physical condition and that more modern buildings are in better physical condition. Hypothesis 3 That the CBD contains mainly commercial buildings. This is shown to be true in Figure 4, which clearly shows the dominant commercial sector. Figure 13 shows that 63% of the area is commercial. The other 37% is used for public buildings such as the town hall and doctors surgeries, open space for parking and there is currently a large area, almost 13%, which is vacant land being developed. This land is also being developed into more commercial properties including a large supermarket shown in Figure 40. Before the redevelopment there were large carpet factories on the land, almost in the very centre of the town, and this shows the shift in land use from industrial manufacturing to commercial. This demonstrates the successful redevelopment of brown field sites in favour of out of town green field sites. The vacant land isn't being turned into residential properties because it is too valuable as commercial land which companies will pay larger sums for. There is very little other vacant land in the centre for development so it is very sou ght after. My hypothesis is proved to be true. This is because commercial properties need to be in the centre of a settlement so their range and threshold is maximized and they have the largest possible sphere of influence. The constant flow of traffic around the centre and large numbers of pedestrians provide the huge potential markets that the commercial companies need to survive. Hypothesis 4 That the age of the buildings will decrease the further away from the CBD. The age of the buildings is not as clearly defined in figure 5 as I would have liked. The photos show the difference in age more clearly and it is obvious from them how much the ages vary. In the photos of Bewdley road there are plaques on which you can dates of when they were built, the house in the photo being 1986. These houses were all built in the Victorian era probably to house the workers that worked at the many carpet factories. The next furthest from the CBD is Barnetts lane which has a range of ages. Most are built inter-war or just after the Second World War. However there are also several very modern buildings from the nineties shown in Figure 33. Birchen coppice is a relatively old council estate built in the mid sixties. The photo in Figure 18 shows the basic semi detached houses typical of sixties estates. However it is far from the CBD. This could be explained by when it was built it may have been an out of town estate which has been amalgamated into the town as it has grown. Spennels is a modern estate built in the late eighties. The photos show the modern designs and styles and how similar they are across the range of properties. Today the estate is still growing slowly outwards. These results, except for Birchen coppice, support my hypothesis. Another possible explanation for the variation could be that Kidderminster spread faster southeastwards than southwestwards. Conclusion I believe that Kidderminster fits the nuclei model best, as there are distinctive land uses in small areas such as residential in the estates and industrial at Oldington. Kidderminster also takes ideas from the sector model in that it has residential and industrial sectors. However no town or city can exactly fit any model exactly, as they are just there to help us understand the world, not provide a definitive explanation. Models cannot account for every different physical factor of every different settlement. Land use in Kidderminster is changing drastically at the moment and there is huge urban redevelopment. Tesco and B&Q have both knocked down old industrial buildings and built huge superstores, as shown in Figures 38-41. Also a large commercial estate outside the CBD has been built which will draw people away from the CBD to shop in these larger developments. This shows how towns cannot possibly fit a model. Urban land use is a continuous process and I believe that Kidderminster is currently in a transition period from the old industrial past to the new commercial future.

Indian Society and Social Systems in India

Indian society is multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the world's great civilizations. Virtually no generalization made about Indian society is valid for all of the nation's multifarious groups. Comprehending the complexities of Indian social structure has challenged scholars and other observers over many decades. The ethnic and linguistic diversity of Indian civilization is more like the diversity of an area as variable as Europe than like that of any other single nation-state. Living within the embrace of the Indian nation are vast numbers of different regional, social, and economic groups, each with different cultural practices. Particularly noteworthy are differences between social structures in the north and the south, especially in the realm of kinship systems. Throughout the country, religious differences can be significant, especially between the Hindu majority and the large Muslim minority; and other Indian groups–Buddhists, Christians, Jains, Jews, Parsis, Sikhs, and practitioners of tribal religions–all pride themselves on being unlike members of other faiths. Access to wealth and power varies considerably, and vast differences in socioeconomic status are evident everywhere. The poor and the wealthy live side by side in urban and rural areas. It is common in city life to see a prosperous, well-fed man or woman chauffeured in a fine car pass gaunt street dwellers huddled beneath burlap shelters along the roadway. In many villages, solid cement houses of landowners rise not far from the flimsy thatched shacks of landless laborers. Even when not so obvious, distinctions of class are found in almost every settlement in India. Urban-rural differences can be immense in the Indian Society. Nearly 74 percent of India's population dwells in villages, with agriculture providing support for most of these rural residents. In villages, mud-plastered walls ornamented with traditional designs, dusty lanes, herds of grazing cattle, and the songs of birds at sunset provide typical settings for the social lives of most Indians. In India's great cities, however, millions of people live amidst cacophony–roaring vehicles, surging crowds, jammed apartment buildings, busy commercial establishments, loudspeakers blaring movie tunes–while breathing the poisons of industrial and automotive pollution. Gender distinctions are pronounced. The behavior expected of men and women can be quite different, especially in villages, but also in urban centers. Prescribed ideal gender roles help shape the actions of both sexes as they move between family and the world outside the home. Crosscutting and pervading all of these differences of region, language, wealth, status, religion, urbanity, and gender is the special feature of Indian society that has received most attention from observers: caste. The people of India belong to thousands of castes and castelike groups–hierarchically ordered, named groups into which members are born. Caste members are expected to marry within the group and follow caste rules pertaining to diet, avoidance of ritual pollution, and many other aspects of life. Given the vast diversity of Indian society, any observation must be tempered with the understanding that it cannot apply to all Indians. Still, certain themes or underlying principles of life are widely accepted in India.

Free Essays on The Various Effects Of Marijuana Upon States Of Consciousness

Marijuana is a substance which is often consumed either by smoking or ingestion, and can produce hallucinogenic effects upon intake. After intake, there are major effects upon ones state of consciousness. These can affect ones vision, hearing, memory, thought, and even dreaming and sleeping patterns. These variable factors should be noted in considering research and investigation of the effects of marijuana (Budney, 2003). A marijuana high lasts around one to two hours, dependent upon the amount of intake, and also the intensity and quality of the marijuana. The most noticeable effect intensification of sensation and increased clarity of perception. Taste and smell are also enhanced under marijuana. The awareness of proprioceptive responses is also enhanced. This means that the subject who is under the influence of marijuana may become aware of small, non-conscious muscle tensions, feedback and control responses, and feelings of physical comfort and discomfort. These effects vary differently from person to person (Solowij, 2002). Under certain environmental settings, either the user will observe what he/she is experiencing in the situation and realizes it is not how he/she usually experiences the stimuli, or the user may function in a straight manner, where none of his/her senses may be heightened. There are two states of awareness which relate to these sensory effects. The first can be called pure awareness. In this state, the user is aware of his/her experience, but there is no evidence of thinking, manipulating, or interpreting going on. The actual â€Å"at hand† experience is conceived, usually as intense and immediate. Pure awareness is experiencing without associations to what is there. The other state of awareness is one which can be called â€Å"conscious awareness,† where the sensory experience is connected to meanings, plans, functions, decision, and possible actions. This is, in fact our normal way of perceiving things. In ... Free Essays on The Various Effects Of Marijuana Upon States Of Consciousness Free Essays on The Various Effects Of Marijuana Upon States Of Consciousness Marijuana is a substance which is often consumed either by smoking or ingestion, and can produce hallucinogenic effects upon intake. After intake, there are major effects upon ones state of consciousness. These can affect ones vision, hearing, memory, thought, and even dreaming and sleeping patterns. These variable factors should be noted in considering research and investigation of the effects of marijuana (Budney, 2003). A marijuana high lasts around one to two hours, dependent upon the amount of intake, and also the intensity and quality of the marijuana. The most noticeable effect intensification of sensation and increased clarity of perception. Taste and smell are also enhanced under marijuana. The awareness of proprioceptive responses is also enhanced. This means that the subject who is under the influence of marijuana may become aware of small, non-conscious muscle tensions, feedback and control responses, and feelings of physical comfort and discomfort. These effects vary differently from person to person (Solowij, 2002). Under certain environmental settings, either the user will observe what he/she is experiencing in the situation and realizes it is not how he/she usually experiences the stimuli, or the user may function in a straight manner, where none of his/her senses may be heightened. There are two states of awareness which relate to these sensory effects. The first can be called pure awareness. In this state, the user is aware of his/her experience, but there is no evidence of thinking, manipulating, or interpreting going on. The actual â€Å"at hand† experience is conceived, usually as intense and immediate. Pure awareness is experiencing without associations to what is there. The other state of awareness is one which can be called â€Å"conscious awareness,† where the sensory experience is connected to meanings, plans, functions, decision, and possible actions. This is, in fact our normal way of perceiving things. In ...

Management Accounting and Organizational Control Essay

Management Accounting and Organizational Control - Essay Example A production can act as a department, manufacturing plant or a transportation firm. It depends on the work allotted to it. The activities of multiple productions units also will come under operational planning and control. The entity at higher level in the organisation will own all the production units involved. Supply chain system is used to coordinate the activities of all the production of all the production units that belong to higher entity. Now supply chain also comes under operational planning and control.1 Strategic planning and control is a policy that top executives of the company periodically review and plan the processes and in turn pass on down the organisation for the sake of implementation. This implementation involves operational planning and control. This means the OPC is a consequence of strategic planning and control. The OPC is dependent on strategic planning and control. The operations to be conducted depend on the strategies of the management. It includes mission, analysis, , situational analysis, strategic formulation, implementation and control. For the corporate organisation like AG Barr Plc strategy at corporate level with managing a portfolio of businesses is required. 2 A.G. Barr plc is the Britain's leading manufacturer of branded carbonated soft drinks. The products of the company include IRN-BRU, Tizer, D'N'B, and orangina. They have four production sites at Cumbernauld, Mansfield, Atherton and Pitcox. These manufacturing centres are supported by distribution centres that have their presence all over United Kingdom. The company produces variety of flavours in 330 mal cans and Orangina in famous bulby bottle in Atherton production site. Several sizes of PET bottles and containing soft drinks are produced in Cumbernauld and Mansfield production sites. In Cumbernauld site the company is producing 750 ml returnable glass bottle, which was first of its kind in UK. The Mansfield site produces 1 litre, 1.5 litre and 3 litre being exclusive for it. Barr is famous for producing environment friendly packs. Barr acquired Findlays Spring natural mineral water and it was now wholly owned subsidiary of the company. The production unit is at the foot of Lammermuir Hills. The sales centres deliver to small shop counters and distribution centres deliver to super markets, cash and carry and whole sale trade. 3. Evaluation of OPC Process in AG Barr Plc AG Barr is having four production centres and each centre is having its own specific bottle to manufacture. It will be difficult to manufacture all the types of bottles in

Nature of perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nature of perception - Essay Example This is because people of different background and orientation have to work together towards certain goals. Therefore an understanding of behaviour as displayed by individuals will help ensure that work is done with less friction and in turn increase workers productivity and effectiveness. Managers, by the proper use of this analytic tool can develop good working relationships with their subordinates when the outcome of the analysis is applied. In truth this analysis is largely psychological with the motive to understand human behaviour. A proper understanding of human behaviour in organizations produces an environment wherein the employees carry out their duties efficiently and naturally too. An improper understanding on the other hand produces an environment where employees do only work assigned to them without discretionary inputs from them. While most managers believe that behaviour is a resultant effect arising from inherent personality traits and motivation, it may be accurate to say that behaviour is a function of the work environment that encompasses leadership styles, management systems, social environment not forgetting workplace facilities and tools. The perception of many managers is that personality controls the behaviour, but it is important to note that there is a distinction between "who a person is" and "what a person does" because it creates a moral burden where an employee does not perform and this non-performance is erroneously attributed to his personality. There are various definitions and interpretations for inherent personality traits, a situation that makes it imperative to objectively define behaviour in terms observable features. It reduces the complexities involved in dealing with personality issues and helps keep focus on the processes and their outcomes. A lot of ease is experienced via this approach because attention is slotted to problem identification and solution, a case in which employees are more relaxed to discuss issues more objectively. On the other hand things are made more complex when the focus is on changing an employee's personality and motivation. A positive approach to perception in the behaviour analysis field is to focus more on the performance on employee by superiors. This is best viewed from the angles of the work processes and results. Managers that involve their subordinate in talks about the line of direction of an organization and listens to them before taking actions and up being well liked. A healthy work environment is promoted in this atmosphere. It is very important to understand the reasons why employees behave in certain views. This understanding ultimately aids in the quiet to change consequences translating also in behavioural changes. A proper application of this understanding will help improve performance and yet enhancing cordial relations in the process. Negative approaches that include constant nagging and reminders will only produce. Superficial changes that do not stand the test of time. Furthermore the wrong perception by employers or superiors breeds mediocrity as a result of organizational barriers like poor management and leadership practices. The fact that perception